Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology Coursework

Informing methods overview of theortical perspectives from psychology linguistics - Coursework Example This innate understanding also determines the ages at which various language skills are learned. (c) Interactionist/developmental: Includes both the above and postulates that language learning occurs through a combination of innate ability and interactions with the environment. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) present the views of two theorists, i.e, Piaget on the basis that language learning occurs based upon a symbol system developed in childhood, which is expanded through interaction with the environment and Vygotsky who expressed the view that the internal thought process is determined based upon social interaction. Lightbrown and Spada (2006) also state that language learning in early childhood may occur through sometimes imperfect imitation. As they go to school and the social context widens, they develop metalinguistic awareness and improve vocabulary through additional reading. Under the interactionist/developmental approach, these authors have thus combined two separate approache s, i.e, the behaviourist and the innatist perspectives. 2. Cook’s views are related to the innatist perspective, because it assumes that the complex rules of grammar cannot be learnt purely through imitation or conditioning. The innatist approach appears to be favoured here, because the explanation offered for understanding of complex grammar is that there must be a biologically programmed ability for grammar acquisition already existent within the human brain. The universal understanding of complex grammar could not be innately derived. 3. In second language learning, the attitude of the L1 group to the L2 speakers will play a role in influencing learning. Since language is a form of communication and a medium for the expression of thought, it can only develop within a social context and through active interaction. Thus, Cook’s views show that while the basic structure of language, i.e., its roots – grammar – may develop with the assistance of innate ele ments, effective language learning cannot take place without external interactions. When learners in the L1 group are able to communicate effectively with individuals from the L† (foreign language) group – individuals who are at a similar or slightly higher level, then a positive attitude will reinforce learning. Hence, this only reinforces the association between the interactionist/developmental perspectives, because development in language to advanced stages can only take place through interaction. 4. This section underlines the importance of learner attitude in influencing learning outcomes. For example if learners in group L1, the native language group – feel inferior to the L2 group, whose language they are learning, they may resent the process. It could lead to a culture shock and a concomitant loss of the identity that their native language provides them, which may negatively affect learning outcomes. This would also be the case if the reverse was true, i. e., the L1 group feels superior to the L2 group. A positive outlook is likely to boost learner motivation and the will to overcome linguistic difficulties to learn the new language. Activity 6: Reflections on Theory: 1. As a classroom teacher, the first option of a philosopher proposing a big idea is more appealing, because it is primarily based upon observances of behaviour or psychological

The State Council as the central government plays a highly important Essay

The State Council as the central government plays a highly important role in Chinas law making process. Discuss - Essay Example The council administers the local and the international government plan and hence is a general body which holds the entire responsibility of serving the public and the country collectively1. The State Council of China is a public administration body. It is an institution which is on the highest level of administration. The members of the State Council consist of premiers, vice premiers, ministers, commissioners, general-auditors and secretary generals with a bench to form for public administration and public health service2. Security and education are part of the political system objectives and hence are covered up by the state council in respective means. All areas are under one master plan, and policies are circulated by the â€Å"State Council† for further operation. The State Council is directly connected to NPC (National People’s Congress) for passing decisions and legislation of activities. The State Council associates â€Å"National People’s Congress† and the rest of the standing committees for work order, work plan and administration3. Being on the highest level of administration, The State Council is responsible for the following functions; enactment of public level legislations, responding to top level ministries and to the local bodies, responding to commissioning authorities, formulation of social development plan, formulation of economic development plan, formulation of public health service plan, formulation of foreign policies and foreign affairs, implementing judicial legislations and vice versa4. Being a central body of command and being on top administrative function, the State Council responds with a legal way of proceeding. It applies legislative apprehensions to manage and control the governance system of the country. In China which is a Capitalist State, the law making process is under the State Council administration. This is to ensure a government system where public rights are fulfilled,